This list is rather generous -- many people on this list can also claim other nationalities; some were born in Austria, but spent the most important part of their lives outside Austria (e.g. Hitler, Schwarzenegger), others were born outside Austria or even outside of Austria-Hungary, but spent the most important part of their lives in Austria (e.g. Beethoven, Elisabeth of Austria).
Famous Austrians include:

Actors/Actresses
* Leon Askin, actor
* Klaus Maria Brandauer, actor
* Liane Haid, first Austrian movie star
* Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), actress; also co-inventor of spread spectrum radio technology
* Romy Schneider, actress (Sissi)
* Arnold Schwarzenegger, (born 1947), bodybuilder, actor, and politician (became naturalized U.S. citizen)
* Oskar Werner, actor
Artists
* Herbert Bayer, artist, typographer, art director, graphic designer
* Ernst Fuchs, painter and sculptor, born in Vienna, 1930
* Rudolf Hausner, painter and graphic artist, 1914-1995
* Gottfried Helnwein, artist, born in Vienna, 1948
* Alfred Hrdlicka, sculptor and graphic artist, born in Vienna, 1928
* Friedensreich Hundertwasser, artist, 1928-2000, born in Vienna
* Gustav Klimt, artist, helped found Vienna Secession
* Oskar Kokoschka, painter, 1886-1980, born in P chlarn (Lower Austria)
* Inge Morath, photographer
* Hermann Nitsch, artist, painter, born in Vienna, 1938
* Alf Poier, artist and stand-up comedian
* Arnulf Rainer, painter, born 1929
* Egon Schiele, painter, 1890-1918
* Margarete Sch tte-Lihotzky, architect and political activist
Filmmakers
* Fritz Lang, film director, December 05, 1890 - August 02, 1976
* Josef von Sternberg, film director, 1894-1969
* Billy Wilder, film director, 1906-2002, born in Austria-Hungary
* Otto Preminger, film director
* Fred Zinnemann, film director
* Franz Antel, filmmaker
Inventors
* Gaston Glock, inventor, founder of Glock
* Eduard Haas, inventor of PEZ
* Viktor Kaplan, inventor of turbines for river power plants
* Johann Korbuly, inventor of matador (special wooden toy)
* Josef Madersberger, invented the sewing-machine in 1818
* Sigfried Marcus, inventor of automobile in 1864 in Vienna, lived most of his life in Austria
* Paul Schwarzkopf, inventor of powder metallurgy
* Auer von Welsbach, inventor of gaslight
Musicians
* Ludwig van Beethoven composer, born in Bonn but spent most of his life in Vienna
* Alban Berg, composer, 1885-1935, born in Vienna
* Falco, (1957-1998), pop musician
* Friedrich Gulda, pianist and composer, born in 1930 in Vienna
* Joseph Haydn, Composer of the former "Imperial Hymn" now German Hymn
* Udo J rgens, singer-songwriter
* Walter Jurmann, composer
* Gustav Mahler, composer
* Leopold Mozart, composer & musician
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer & musician
* Franz Schubert, composer & musician
* Johann Strauss, Sr., 1809-1849, Johann Strauss, Jr., 1825-1899, and Josef Strauss, 1827-1870, the "Waltz Kings" of the latter 19th century
* Fritz Wotruba, sculptor, 1907-1975, born in Vienna
* Joe Zawinul, jazz musician, composer, born in Vienna, 1932
Philosophers
* Martin Buber, philosopher, 1878-1965, born in Vienna
* Heinrich Gomperz, philosopher, 1873-1942, born in Vienna
* Karl Popper, philosopher (born in Austria, became British)
* Othmar Spann, philosopher and economist
* Rudolf Steiner, mystic & philosopher
* Otto Weininger, philosopher
* Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher, born 1889 in Vienna
Politicians
* Engelbert Dolfuss, politician, 1892-1934, born in Texing
* Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria (1970-1983)
* Karl Renner, (1870-1950), Chancellor and President of Austria
* Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, diplomat
* Kurt Waldheim, diplomat and politician; former Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1982, former President of Austria from 1986 to 1992 born 1918
Psychologists
* Alfred Adler, father of Individual Psychology
* Sigmund Freud, father of psychoanalysis
* Otto Rank, pioneer psychologist
* Wilhelm Reich, psychologist, (1897-1957)
Scientists
* Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist, 1844-1906, born in Vienna
* Fritjof Capra, physicist
* Christian Andreas Doppler, physicist, 1803-1853, born in Salzburg
* Paul Ehrenfest, physicist & mathematician
* Viktor Frankl, father of logotherapy
* Kurt G del, mathematician (born in Austria-Hungary, became naturalized U.S. citizen)
* Hans Hass, biologist
* Friedrich Hayek, Nobel Prize winner (economics)
* Karl Landsteiner, physician, serologist, Nobel Prize winner, 1886-1943
* Konrad Lorenz zoologist, Nobel prize 1973 (physiology/medicine)
* Lise Meitner, physicist
* Gregor Mendel, pioneer of genetics
* Ludwig von Mises, free-market economist
* Wolfgang Pauli, Nobel prize winner (Physics, 1945)
* Ferdinand Porsche, automotive engineer, designed the Volkswagen (the "people's car"), born in Austria-Hungary
* Erwin Schr dinger, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
* Berta von Suttner, Nobel Prize winner
Sportsmen/Sportswomen
* Franz Klammer, downhill skier, born in Mooswald (Carinthia), 1953
* Niki Lauda, (born 1949), race car driver and aviation entrepreneur
* Hermann Maier, skier, born 1972
* Thomas Muster, tennis champion, born 1967
* Gernot Reinstadler, skier (1970-1991)
* Jochen Rindt, race car driver
* Toni Sailer, 1956 Olympic Games - Won all three gold medals earning himself the Triple Crown of Alpine Skiing ; born 1935
Writers
* Ingeborg Bachmann, poet, 1926-1973
* Thomas Bernhard, dramatist, novelist, poet, 1931-1989, born in Cloister Heerlen, Netherlands
* Heimito von Doderer, writer, 1896-1966, born in Hadersdorf-Weidlingau near Vienna
* Peter Handke, author, born in 1942 in Griffen (Carinthia)
* Franz Kafka, writer, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary (wrote in German)
* Ludwig von K chel, writer, composer, botanist, music historian
* Karl Kraus, essayist, poet, dramatist, 1874-1936
* Robert Musil, writer
* G nther Nenning, journalist, born 1921
* Arthur Schnitzler, writer
* Fritz Spiegl, journalist
* Friedrich Torberg, narrative writer, essayist, script author 1908-1979, born in Vienna
* Georg Trakl, poet
* Stefan Zweig, writer, 1881-1942, born in Vienna
Other Notables
* Marie Antoinette, born in Vienna, became Queen of France
* Elisabeth of Austria ("Sissi"), born in Munich (Bavaria)
* Otto Habsburg-Lothringen
* Theodor Herzl, "founder" of Israel, lived most of his life in Austria
* Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany from 1933-1945, born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn
* Franz Cardinal K nig, 1905-2004, Archbishop of Vienna (1956-1985)
* Alma Mahler, wife and muse to Mahler, Gropius, Werfel
* G nther Schifter, radio personality
* Georg Ritter von Trapp, head of The Sound of Music family
* Simon Wiesenthal, b.1908, Nazi hunter

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/List-of-Austrians

Gottfried Helnwein (born October 8, 1948 in Vienna) is an Austrian fine artist, photographer, and performance artist.
"It is the function of the artist to evoke the experience of surprised recognition:
to show the viewer what he knows but does not know that he knows.
- Helnwein is a master of surprised recognition."
William Burroughs

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Gottfried-Helnwein